Black Pete (Zwarte Piet) has been a part of Dutch traditions for centuries, and the history of Black Pete (Zwarte Piet) is full of twists and turns. Let’s explore how this iconic (and sometimes controversial) character evolved throughout the Sinterklaas and Black Pete tradition over time!
Watch the Full Video for the full story of Sinterklaas and Black Pete!
Excited to learn even more about the fascinating history of Black Pete and Sinterklaas? Watch our video about the full story of Sinterklaas and it’s histry! From the mysterious origins of the Boeman to the modern-day celebrations, we’ll explore every twist and turn of this centuries-old tradition.
Before 1850: Meet the Boeman
Long before Black Pete as we know him today became Sinterklaas’s companion, his earliest predecessor was the Boeman—a figure shrouded in both fear and intrigue. Known as the “Black Man” or “Black Pete,” the Boeman wore bright clothing, rattled chains, and had a blackened face or mask. His dual role was clear: he rewarded well-behaved children with sweets while frightening the naughty ones into obedience.
The name “Black Pete” at the time often referred to devil-like characters or mischievous figures in folklore. Over time, the Boeman began merging with Sinterklaas, influenced by Protestant traditions that reshaped Dutch celebrations.

By unknown – Sinterklaas: Illustraties, Public domain, Link
Around 1850: The Emergence of Black Pete

By the mid-19th century, Black Pete had fully transitioned into a key part of the Sinterklaas tradition. He was first portrayed as a servant of African descent, dressed in colorful clothing with a feathered hat. This image became popular in folklore and children’s books of the time.
Black Pete played a more mischievous role back then, tasked with keeping children in line. Naughty children were warned that he might take them to Spain in a sack or discipline them with a roe, a bundle of twigs. At the same time, his playful and loyal nature helped Sinterklaas deliver presents and sweets to those who had been good.

By Jan Schenkman (author), illustrator unknown, Public domain, Link
Late 19th to 20th Century: The Cheerful Helper
By the late 1800s, Black Pete had taken on a more playful and cheerful role, shedding much of his earlier mischievous and disciplinary traits. This transformation continued into the 20th century, solidifying his image as Sinterklaas’s loyal assistant.
He became a beloved figure at parades, schools, and holiday celebrations, delighting children with treats and laughter. The sack he once used to whisk away naughty children was now filled with goodies, and the roe was mostly forgotten. His colorful outfit, feathered hat, and festive personality made him a central part of the holiday spirit.
As the 20th century progressed, however, societal views on his portrayal began to shift. While many embraced his joyous character, questions arose about the traditional use of blackface makeup, sparking conversations about cultural sensitivity. This set the stage for the evolving portrayals we see today.

By Sander van der Wel from Netherlands – Intocht van Sinterklaas in Schiedam 2009, CC BY-SA 2.0, Link
Black Pete Today: Adapting to the Times

Today, Black Pete remains an important part of Dutch holiday celebrations, but his image continues to evolve. In many places, he is no longer depicted with blackface makeup. Instead, he’s often shown with soot-smudged faces, a nod to the idea that he climbs down chimneys to help deliver presents.
This modern interpretation seeks to preserve the tradition while addressing concerns about its historical associations. For some, Black Pete is a cherished part of Dutch culture; for others, he represents an opportunity to reimagine traditions in a more inclusive way.

Door Ziko van Dijk – Eigen werk, CC BY-SA 4.0, Koppeling
Conclusion: A Tradition That Reflects Change
The history of Black Pete (Zwarte Piet) is one of evolution, shaped by centuries of Dutch tradition and societal change. From the mysterious and intimidating Boeman of pre-1850 to the cheerful helper we know today, his role has adapted to reflect the values and challenges of each era.
In recent years, his portrayal has sparked important conversations about inclusion, culture, and how we honor traditions in a changing world. While opinions on Black Pete may differ, one thing is clear: he remains an enduring symbol of the joy and complexity of the Sinterklaas celebration.
🎥 Don’t miss our video! Subscribe now to learn more about the fascinating history of Sinterklaas and Black Pete.